![]() ![]() ![]() M illero, F.J., G onzalez, A., W ard, G.K. (1981b), Density of seawater and the new International Equation of State of Seawater 1980, IMS Newsletter, Number 30, Wright (Ed), Special Issue 1981–1982, UNESCO, Paris, France, p 3. (1981a), International one-atmosphere equation of state of seawater, Deep-Sea Research 28, 625–629. (1976), The densities of Baltic Sea Waters, Deep-Sea Research 23, 1129–1138. (1976), The effect of dissolved air and natural isotopic distributions on the density of water, Journal of Marine Research 34, 15–24. (2000), Effects of changes in the composition of seawater on the density–salinity relationship, Deep-Sea Research 47, 1583–1590. (2010), World Ocean Atlas 2009, Volume 1: Temperature, S Levitus (Ed), NOAA Atlas NESDIS 68, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 184 pp. L ocarnini, R.A., M ishonov, A.V., A ntonov, J.I., B oyer, T.P., G arcia, H.E. K undsen, M., Hydrographical Tables (GEC, Gad, Copenhagen, 1901) (2003), Density of the continental roots: compositional and thermal contributions, Earth Planet Sci. K aban, M.K., S chwintzer, P., A rtemieva, I.M., M ooney, W.D. (1999), Global isostatic gravity model of the Earth, Geophys. K aban, M.K., S chwintzer, P., T ikhotsky, S.A. (2004), A new isostatic model of the lithosphere and gravity field, J. K aban, M.K., S chwintzer, P., R eigber, C h. and density at different depths, Geophys. (2001), Oceanic upper mantle structure from experimental scaling of Vs. (2009), World Ocean Database 2009 Tutorial, S Levitus (Ed), NODC Internal Report 21, NOAA Printing Office, Silver Spring, MD, 18 pp. J ohnson, D.R., G arcia, H.E., B oyer, T.P. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Manuals and Guides No. IOC, SCOR and IAPSO, 2010: The international thermodynamic equation of seawater-2010: Calculation and use of thermodynamic properties. G ouretski, V.V., K oltermann, K.P., Berichte des Bundesamtes für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie Nr. G arrison, T., Essentials of oceanography (Pacific Grove, CA, Brooks Cole 2001). (2010b), World Ocean Atlas 2009, Volume 4: Nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, silicate), S Levitus (Ed), NOAA Atlas NESDIS 71, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 398 pp. G arcia, H.E., L ocarnini, R.A., B oyer, T.P., A ntonov, J.I. ![]() (2010a), World Ocean Atlas 2009, Volume 3: Dissolved Oxygen, Apparent Oxygen Utilization, and Oxygen Saturation, S Levitus (Ed), NOAA Atlas NESDIS 70, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 344 pp. Conseil permanent international pour l’exploration de la mer 43:1–47 Die Zusammendrueckbarkeit des Meerwassers nebst einigen werten fuer Wasser und Quecksilber, Publication de circonstance. (1978), The equation of state of seawater determined from sound speeds. (2010), World Ocean Atlas 2009, Volume 2: Salinity, S Levitus (Ed), NOAA Atlas NESDIS 69, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 184 pp.Ĭ hen, C-T., M illero, F. The results also show that the average seawater density (estimated from the experimental data used in this study) is 1038.5 ± 2.4 kg/m 3.Ī ntonov, J. When incorporating the pycnocline density gradient correction, the accuracy further improves to about 0.25% (except for the shelf seas with the presence of the continental hydrological signal and other oceanographic factors). The results of numerical analysis reveal that the new functional model based on the depth and latitudinal density variations approximates the actual seawater density distribution with a relative accuracy better than 0.45%. A more complex functional density model is formulated to account for a large seawater density gradient within the pycnocline caused mainly by a combination of decreasing water temperature and increasing salinity with depth. The global seawater density model is defined as a function of the ocean depth (to account for density variations due to pressure) and geographical latitude (to account for density variations due to salinity and temperature). The seawater density values are calculated according to the thermodynamic equation of seawater TEOS‐10. The methodology of finding a theoretical density model is based on the analysis of the global data of pressure/depth, salinity, and temperature from the World Ocean Atlas 2009 (provided by NOAA’s National Oceanographic Data Center) and the World Ocean Circulation Experiment 2004 (provided by the German Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency). We formulate a functional model which closely approximates the actual seawater density distribution. ![]()
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